Layout level design for testability strategy applied to a CMOS cell library

The layout level design for testability (LLDFT) rules used here allow to avoid some hard to detect faults or even undetectable faults on a cell library by modifying the cell layout without changing their behavior and achieving a good level of reliability. These rules avoid some open faults or reduce their appearance probability. The main purpose has been to apply that set of LLDFT rules on the cells of the library designed at the Centre Nacional de Microelectronica (CNM) in order to obtain a highly testable cell library. The authors summarize the main results (area overhead and performance degradation) of the application of the LLDFT rules on the cell

Spectral mode-beat phenomena in a cylindrical microcavity

Detailed spectral analysis of photon scanning tunneling microscope images has been carried out. The analysis of spectral mode-beat phenomena leads to an accurate determination of mode profiles and gives evidence of counterpropagating mode

Detailed analysis of the intracavity phenomena inside a cylindrical microresonator

Based o­n a rigorous analysis of the intensity distribution inside a cylindrical microresonator (MR), a detailed description of the wavelength and spatial dependence of the intracavity intensity is given. The theory is in accordance with photon scanning tunneling microscopy (PSTM) of an integrated optics MR. Good agreement between the theory and the PSTM measurements is found

High-resolution photon-scanning tunneling microscope measurements of the whispering gallery modes in a cylindrical microresonator

A detailed analysis of spatio-spectral photon scanning tunneling microscope scans of the light intensity inside a cylindrical microresonator has been carried out. By comparing the experimental results with theory, it is shown that the inclusion of spectral mode-beat phenomena is crucial for an accurate analysis of the modes present in the microresonator

A New Integrated All-Optical Switch Based on a Micro-Cavity

Kakaovac drvo (Theobroma cacao L). raste uglavnom u tropskim regijama koje su 20º sjeverno i južno od ekvatora. Plod kakaovca je relativno velik, cijeli jestiv i pun dragocjenih sjemenki. Sirovo zrno kakaa je najbolji izvor antioksidansa u svijetu, sadrži više od 300 kemijskih tvari s pozitivnim učinkom na zdravlje. Kakao zrna se suše, fermentiraju i griju. Toplina razdvaja masnoću od suhog dijela i to je ključni dio prerade. Termičkom obradom gube se određena nutritivna svojstva kakao zrna. Ovaj rad prikazuje rezultate promjene u funkcionalnim tj. nutritivnim svojstvima zrna kakaa dviju sorti, (BIO kakao zrna - Jamaica) i (konvencionalno kakao zrna - Peru). Prikupljenim uzorcima kakao zrna određen je kemijski sastav i fizikalna svojstva prije i nakon postupka obrade. Postupak obrade obuhvaća kondukcijsko sušenje na tri temperature (110ºC, 135ºC i 150ºC) u vremenskom intervalu od 5 minuta. Nakon termičke dorade svakom uzorku je određen udio vlage, pepela, škroba, masti, proteina i fizikalna svojstva dimenzije zrna koje iznose, kod prirodnih uzoraka, BIO kakao zrna – Jamaica: (dužina 11,598 mm, širina 20,130 mm i debljina 7,836 mm), i kod konvencionalnog kakao zrna – Peru: (dužina 12,727 mm, širina 20,774 mm i debljina 7,590 mm).Cocoa Tree (Theobroma cacao L). grows mainly in the tropical regions 20º north and south of the equator. The cacao fruit is relatively large, whole edible and full of precious seeds. Raw cocoa beans are the best source of antioxidants in the world, containing more than 300 chemicals with a positive health effect. Cocoa beans are dried, fermented and heated. Heat separates fat from the dry part and is a key part of the processing. Thermal processing loses certain nutritional properties of cocoa beans This paper presents the results of changes in the functional, nutritional properties of cocoa beans of two varieties, (BIO cocoa beans - Jamaica) and (conventionally cocoa beans - Peru). The collected cocoa bean samples determined the chemical composition and physical properties before and after the treatment process. The treatment process involves conductive drying at three temperatures (110 ° C, 135 ° C and 150 ° C) over a 5 minute interval. After heat treatment, each sample was assigned a moisture content, ash, starch, fat, protein and grain size physical properties, which for natural samples were BIO cocoa beans - Jamaica: (length 11.598 mm, width 20.130 mm, and thickness 7.836 for cocoa beans - Peru: (length 12.727 mm, width 20.774 mm and thickness 7.590 mm)

Evaluation of polymer based third order nonlinear integrated optics devices

Nonlinear polymers are promising materials for high speed active integrated optics devices. In this paper we evaluate the perspectives polymer based nonlinear optical devices can offer. Special attention is directed to the materials aspects. In our experimental work we applied mainly Akzo Nobel DANS side-chain polymer that exhibits large second and third order coefficients. This material has been characterized by third harmonic generation, z-scan and pump-probe measurements. In addition, various waveguiding structures have been used to measure the nonlinear absorption (two photon absorption) on a ps time-scale. Finally an integrated optics Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been realized and evaluated. It is shown that the DANS side-chain polymer has many of the desired properties: the material is easily processable in high-quality optical waveguiding structures, has low linear absorption and its nonlinearity has a pure electronic origin. More materials research has to be done to arrive at materials with higher nonlinear coefficients to allow switching at moderate light intensity (< 1 W peak power) and also with lower nonlinear absorption coefficients